ABSTRACT
OBJETIVO: analizar las diferencias de género en la interacción entre consumo de tabaco y alcohol con la presión arterial elevada (PAE) en Cochabamba, Bolivia. MÉTODOS: estudio transversal, con n=10704 participantes, seleccionados aleatoriamente. Se calcularon proporciones, Odds-ratios y análisis robusto de descomposición Blinder-Oaxaca. RESULTADOS: 33,5% reportó que solo bebe, 1,8% solo fuma y 9,2% ambos. La probabilidad de presentar PAE fueron mayores en aquellos que fuman (OR:2,04); beben y fuman (OR:1,73) o solo beben (OR:1,43). Los hombres presentaron prevalencias más elevadas de PAE, tabaquismo y consumo nocivo de alcohol; pero las mujeres que fuman presentaron niveles de OR más altos para el desarrollo de PAE. El nivel educativo, la edad, y el tipo de trabajo contribuyeron de manera positiva a explicar la brecha entre hombres y mujeres. CONCLUSIÓN: la probabilidad de presentar PAE fue mayor en mujeres, especialmente en aquellas que fuman, a pesar de su baja prevalencia.
OBJECTIVE: to analyze gender differences in the interaction between tobacco and alcohol consumption with high blood pressure (HBP) in Cochabamba, Bolivia. METHODS: a cross-sectional study was conducted, with n=10704 participants, randomly selected. Proportions, Odds-ratios and robust analysis of Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition were calculated. RESULTS. 33.5% of participants only drink alcohol, 1.8% only smoke and 9.2% both simultaneously. The probability of presenting HBP was higher in smokers (OR: 2.04); those who consume both simultaneously (OR: 1.73) or only drink alcohol (OR: 1.43). The men had a higher prevalence of HBP, smoking and harmful alcohol consumption; but women who smoke had higher OR levels to develop HBP. The differences in educational level, age, and type of work contributed positively to explain the gap between men and women. CONCLUSION: the probability of presenting HBP was higher in women, especially those who smoke, despite their low prevalence.
Subject(s)
Nicotiana , Arterial Pressure , Tobacco Use DisorderABSTRACT
Las desigualdades en salud comúnmente son evaluadas en una sola dimensión de análisis y poco se conoce sobre el efecto sumativo o multiplicativo cuando se combinan 2 o más dimensiones sociales; representando un desafío para la prevención y control de la Presión Arterial Elevada (PAE). OBJETIVO: analizar los factores involucrados en las desigualdades poblacionales de la prevalencia de PAE en el espacio inter seccional de los procesos de ventaja y desventaja social por referencia étnica y de género. MÉTODOS: estudio observacional, de corte transversal con enfoque interseccional. Participaron sujetos mayores de 18 años con residencia permanente en Cochabamba (n=10595), seleccionados mediante muestreo aleatorio trietápico. Se utilizó la encuesta WHO-STEPS para recopilar información sobre PAE y factores de riesgo asociados. Se construyeron cuatro posiciones interseccionales por la combinación de género y etnicidad. La descomposición de Oaxaca-Blinder se aplicó para estimar las contribuciones de los factores explicativos de las desigualdades. RESULTADOS: la prevalencia de PAE fue mayor en los hombres-mestizos (10,76%); la disparidad por referencia de género fue más importante entre mestizos (3,74%) e indígenas (3,11%); la disparidad interseccional entre grupos extremos (3,53%) fue mayor a la disparidad entre grupos medios (3,32%). La edad, el tipo de trabajo y estilos de vida, contribuyeron más para explicar estas diferencias. CONCLUSIONES: la PAE no se distribuye según los patrones esperados de desventaja social en el espacio interseccional de etnicidad y género. Una alta ventaja social se relacionó con prevalencias más altas de PAE, así como los factores de riesgo de comportamiento asociados.
Health inequalities are commonly evaluated in a single dimension of analysis and little is known about the summative or multiplicative effect when 2 or more social dimensions are combined; representing a challenge for the prevention and control of High Blood Pressure (HBP). OBJECTIVE: analyze the factors involved in the inequalities of the prevalence of HBP in the inter-sectional space of the processes of social advantage and disadvantage by ethnic and gender reference. METHODS: observational, cross-sectional study with an intersectional approach. Subjects over 18 years of age with permanent residence in Cochabamba (n = 10,595), selected by means of three-stage random sampling, participated. The WHO-STEPS survey was used to collect information on HBP and the risk factors associated. Four intersectional positions were constructed by the combination of gender and ethnicity. The Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition was applied to estimate the contributions of the explanatory factors of the inequalities. RESULTS: the prevalence of HBP was higher in mestizos men (10.76%); the disparity by gender reference was more important between mestizos (3.74%) and indigenous people (3.11%); the intersectional disparity between extreme groups (3.53%) was greater than the disparity between middle groups (3.32%). Age, type of work, and lifestyles contributed more to explain these differences. CONCLUSIONS: the HBP is not distributed according to the expected patterns of social disadvantage in the intersectional space of ethnicity and gender. A high social advantage was related to higher prevalence of HBP, as well as associated behavioral risk factors.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Risk Factors , Arterial Pressure , Population , Work , PrevalenceABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Social inequalities in obesity have been observed not only by gender but also between ethnic groups. Evidence on combined dimensions of inequality in health, and specifically including indigenous populations, is however scarce, and presents a particularly daunting challenge for successful prevention and control of obesity in Bolivia, as well as worldwide. OBJECTIVE: The aims of this study were i) to examine intersectional inequalities in obesity and ii) to identify the factors underlying the observed intersectional inequalities. METHODS: An intersectional approach study was employed, using the information collected in a cross-sectional community-based survey. The sample consisted of youth and adults with permanent residence in Cochabamba department (N = 5758), selected through a multistage sampling technique. An adapted version of the WHO-STEPS survey was used to collect information about Abdominal obesity and risk factors associated. Four intersectional positions were constructed from gender (woman vs. men) and ethnic group (indigenous vs. mestizo). Joint and excess intersectional disparities in obesity were estimated as absolute prevalence differences between binary groups, using binomial regression models. The Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition was applied to estimate the contributions of explanatory factors underlying the observed intersectional disparities, using Oaxaca command in Stata software v15.1. RESULTS: The prevalence of abdominal obesity had a higher prevalence in mestizos (men 35.01% and women 30.71%) as compared to indigenous (men 25.38% and women 27.75%). The joint disparity was estimated at 7.26 percentage points higher prevalence in the doubly advantaged mestizo men than in the doubly disadvantaged indigenous women. The gender referent disparity showed that mestizo-women had a higher prevalence than indigenous-women. The ethnic referent disparity showed that mestizo-men had a higher prevalence than indigenous men. The behavioural risk factors were the most important to explain the observed inequalities, while differences in socioeconomic and demographic factors played a less important role. CONCLUSION: Our study illustrates that abdominal obesity is not distributed according to expected patterns of structural disadvantage in the intersectional space of ethnicity and gender in Bolivia. In the Cochabamba case, a high social advantage was related to higher rates of abdominal obesity, as well as the behavioural risk factors associated with them.
Subject(s)
Health Status Disparities , Obesity/epidemiology , Population Groups/statistics & numerical data , Socioeconomic Factors , Adolescent , Adult , Bolivia , Cross-Sectional Studies , Ethnicity/statistics & numerical data , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Obesity, Abdominal/epidemiology , Prevalence , Risk Factors , Young AdultABSTRACT
La evaluación del perfil epidemiológico del Síndrome Metabólico en población general usando la metodología WHO-STEPS de la Organización Mundial de la Salud es incipiente o nula en muchos países Latino Americanos. OBJETIVO: caracterizar el perfil epidemiológico del Síndrome Metabólico y sus factores de riesgo asociados en población general mayor de 18 años en la ciudad de Cochabamba, Bolivia, durante la gestión II-2016. MÉTODOS: se realizó un estudio observacional, analítico de corte transversal, en población general de 18 o más años, con una muestra de n=186 sujetos ajustados por grupo etario y sexo en base a la pirámide poblacional de Cochabamba-Bolivia. Se aplicó la metodología STEPS (pasos) de la OPS/OMS para la recolección de la información centrada en datos sociodemográficos, hábitos de vida, evaluación física y laboratorial. Se calcularon proporciones e intervalos de confianza al 95% conforme lo establecido en el manual de implementación de la metodología STEP; y regresión logística multivariada para la obtención del OR ajustado para el nivel de riesgo asociados al Síndrome Metabólico. RESULTADOS: la prevalencia global de Síndrome metabólico fue de 44,1%; la prevalencia de sus factores de riesgo asociados fue: STEP-1, Tabaquismo 11,29%; consumo actual de alcohol 63,44%; bajo consumo de frutas y vegetales 76,88%; sedentarismo o bajo nivel de actividad física 75,81%. STEP-2: sobrepeso 44,62%; obesidad 24,73%; obesidad abdominal 38,7% y presión arterial elevada en 35,14%. STEP3: Glicemia alterada en ayunas 36,02%; Insulina basal alterada 36,56%; colesterol total elevado 36,02%; Triglicéridos elevados 46,77% y HDL-colesterol reducido en el 66,67%. Los niveles de OR ajustado fueron >1 y estadísticamente significativas para las medidas físicas y laboratoriales. CONCLUSIÓN: el síndrome metabólico en altamente prevalente en la población general de la ciudad de Cochabamba y se asocia a niveles elevados de IMC, presión arterial elevada y perfil laboratorial alterado.
The epidemiological profile evaluation of Metabolic Syndrome in the general population using the WHO-STEPS approach of the World Health Organization is incipient or null in many Latin American countries. OBJECTIVE: to characterize the epidemiological profile of Metabolic Syndrome and risk factors associated in the general population over 18 years of age in Cercado-Cochabamba city, from Bolivia, during the second semester of 2016. METHODS: an observational, analytical, cross-sectional study was conducted in the general population of 18 years of age or older, with a sample of n = 186 subjects adjusted by age group and sex based on the population pyramid of Cochabamba-Bolivia. WHO-STEPS approach was applied for the collection of information focused on sociodemographic data, life habits, physical and laboratory evaluation. Proportions and 95% confidence intervals were calculated as established in the STEP Ì implementation manual, and multivariate logistic regression was calculated to obtain adjusted OR for the level of risk associated with Metabolic Syndrome. RESULTS: the overall prevalence of metabolic syndrome was 44.1%; the prevalence of risk factors associated were: STEP-1, Smoking 11.29%; current alcohol consumption 63.44%; low consumption of fruits and vegetables 76.88%; sedentary lifestyle or low level of physical activity 75.81%. STEP-2: overweight 44.62%; obesity 24.73%; abdominal obesity 38.7% and high blood pressure 35.14%. STEP3: Hyperglycemia in 36.02%; basal insulin elevated 36.56%; total cholesterol 36.02%; Triglycerides elevated 46.77% and HDL-cholesterol reduced in 66.67%. CONCLUSION: metabolic syndrome is highly prevalent in the general population in Cochabamba City and is associated with high levels of BMI, high blood pressure high values of the laboratorial profile.
Subject(s)
Metabolic Syndrome , Body Mass IndexABSTRACT
Objetivo: determinar la prevalencia de factores de riesgo asociados al sindrome metabólico en personal militar de la Fuerza Aérea Boliviana. Metodos: se realizó un estudió observacional, descriptivo, de corte transversal, en personal militar activo de la II Brigada Aérea Boliviana, con una muestra de 204 personas; a los cuales se aplicó una encuesta sobre factores de riesgo metabólico, de manera individual, seguidas de un examen físico-antropométrico y la toma de una muestra sanguínea para la valoración del perfil lipídico y perfil glicemico; en base a la metodología Pasos (STEP´s) de la OPS/OMS, adecuados para Bolivia. Resultados: en relación a los factores de riesgo del síndrome metabólico se encontró que, el sobrepeso en sus diferentes grados es uno de los factores que predominan (50%) así como la obesidad (22%); y la cintura de riesgo elevado (57%) y muy elevado (19%); asociado al perfil glicémico alterado en un 4%, y el perfil lipidico alterado en cerca del 40% del personal (trigicéridos=43%; HDL=18%; LDL=34% y colesterol total=40%). Conclusiones: la salud y estado nutricional del personal militar de la Fuerza Aerea esta siendo afectada por varios aspectos como la actividad física insuficiente, hábitos alimentarios inadecuados.
Objective: the objective was to determine the prevalence of risk factors associated with metabolic syndrome. Methods: a population of 204 patients military assets, to which an individual survey was applied and blood sample was taken where lipid profile, glycemic profile, taking blood pressure was assessed was studied and evaluation of nutritional status. Results: several variables were analyzed in relation to risk factors of metabolic syndrome, and found that being overweight at different degrees is one of the factors that stand out, with high values of lipid profile. Conclusions: the health and nutritional status of military personnel of the Air Force is being affected by several aspects such as physical activity, diet and but.
Subject(s)
Humans , Metabolic Syndrome , Exercise Test , Blood Specimen Collection/instrumentation , Nutritional Status , OverweightABSTRACT
OBJETIVOS: demostrar la utilidad del método serológico directo para detección de hipotiroidismo congénito. MÉTODOS: es un estudio transversal, comparativo; destinado a comparar la capacidad diagnóstica de la técnica del papel filtro con la detección serológica directa de TSH neonatal en el mismo grupo de neonatos examinados. Se incluyó a 202 Recién Nacidos sanos del Hospital Materno Infantil Cochabamba, entre las 48 hrs. y los 21 días de vida; en el primer trimestre del año 2014. El análisis estadístico se realizó comparando las curvas de sensibilidad y especificidad con el Receiver Operating Characteristic (Característica Operativa del Receptor), del paquete estadístico especializado MedCalc, versión 12.7. El análisis descriptivo se realizó con el paquete estadístico SPSS-IBM STADISTIC, versión 19. RESULTADOS: ambas técnicas mostraron sensibilidad y especificidad altas, con un área bajo la curva de ambas, cercana a 0.972 (ROC), IC 0,941 - 0,989, al 95%. CONCLUSIONES: ambas técnicas demostraron ser eficientes en la pesquisa diagnóstica de hipotiroidismo congénito.
Objectives: to demonstrate the usefulness of direct serological method for direct detection of congenital hypothyroidism. Methods: a cross-sectional comparative study; for comparing the diagnostic performance of the technique of filter paper with the direct serological detection of neonatal TSH in the same group of infants examined. The study included 202 healthy newborns Hospital Materno Infantil Cochabamba, between 48 hrs. and 21 days of life; in the first quarter of 2014. The statistical analysis was performed comparing the curves of sensitivity and specificity with the Receiver Operating Characteristic (Receiver Operating Characteristic), specialized MedCalc statistical package, version 12.7. The descriptive analysis was performed using SPSS-IBM STADISTIC, version 19. Results: both techniques showed high sensitivity and specificity, with an area under the curve both close to 0.972 (ROC) IC 0.941 to 0.989, 95 %. Conclusions: both techniques proved effective in the diagnostic screening for congenital hypothyroidism.
Subject(s)
Humans , Infant, Newborn , Congenital Hypothyroidism , Infant, Newborn , Serologic TestsABSTRACT
Las quinolonas son antimicrobianos de amplio espectro, cuya administración se ha asociado con efectos colaterales adversos articulares en animales jóvenes; por ello se recomienda cautela en el uso de quinolonas en pediatría restringiendo su uso para situaciones específicas, donde no exista otra alternativa. El presente trabajo evalúa la seguridad de la administración de quinolonas para tratamiento de infecciones en la edad pediátrica a través de un metaanálisis de estudios controlados y aleatorizados durante el periodo de 1995-2005. Dado que la técnica de metaanálisis requiere acceso a fuentes primarias y verificables, así como a trabajos originales "in extenso", se utilizaron como estrategia de búsqueda bases de datos electrónicas de referencias bibliográficas, el Index Medicus y Excerpta médica, MEDLINE y EMBASE respectivamente; a través de lenguaje controlado, búsqueda controlada, utilizando el Thesaurus, indexador electrónico, como diccionario de la base de datos, Biblioteca Cochrane, búsqueda libre, más búsqueda controlada utilizando limitadores. Se incluyeron todos los ensayos clínicos aleatorizados y controlados (ECAs), que comparan el tratamiento con quinolonas frente a un control en pacientes pediátricos, con respecto a la aparición de efectos adversos articulares. Se incluyeron 7 estudios controlados aleatorizados, que en el grupo de intervención utilizaron quinolonas en niños y adolescentes y en el grupo control un antibiótico de otra familia. El metaanálisis demostró que el riesgo de inducir efectos adversos articulares es similar en los dos grupos y muestra que no existe incremento significativo del riesgo (RR) de afectación articular con el uso de quinolonas a dosis establecidas, a la luz de los conocimientos actuates.
The quinolonas are antimicrobials of wide spectrum, its administration has been associated with adverse articular effects in young animals. Caution is recommended in the quinolonas use in pediatrics, restricting its use for situations where another alternative doesn't exist. To evaluate the security of the quinolonas administration for treatment of infections in the pediatric age, we present an metaanalysis of randomized and controlled trials (RCT), during the period of 1995-2005. Electronic databases of bibliographical references as The Index Medicus and Excerpta, MEDLINE and EMBASE respectively, through controlled language, controlled search, using the Thesaurus, electronic indicator, as dictionary of the database, Cochrane Library, search free, more controlled search using the constrainers, had been used. All the randomized controlled trial were included, they compare the treatment with quinolonas in front of a control in pediatric patient. Seven RCT were included that used quinolonas in children and adolescents in the intervention group and in a control group an antibiotic of another family, about the adverse articular effects. The metaanalysis demonstrated that the risk of inducing effects adverse in articulations is similar in the two groups. In the carried out metaanalysis it is verified that there is not significant increment of the risk (RR) of affectation to articulate with the quinolonas use to established dose.
Subject(s)
QuinolonesABSTRACT
La presente investigación está orientada a determinar la interrelación existente entre los servicios de salud, dependientes del Ministerio con las usuarias adolescenetes en la ciudad de Cochabamba.(au)
